Does smiling make you happy? Alternatively, does being happy make you smile? The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that your facial expression can actually affect your emotional experience (Adelman & Zajonc, 1989 Boiger & Mesquita, 2012 Buck, 1980 Capella, 1993 Soussignan, 2001 Strack, Martin, & Stepper, 1988). This emotional reaction would be separate and independent of the physiological arousal, even though they co-occur. So, when you see the venomous snake, you feel fear at exactly the same time that your body mounts its fight or flight response. According to this view, physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously, yet independently (Lang, 1994). Thus, the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion was developed. Other theorists, however, doubted that the physiological arousal that occurs with different types of emotions is distinct enough to result in the wide variety of emotions that we experience.
Furthermore, different arousal patterns would be associated with different feelings. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, you would only experience a feeling of fear after this physiological arousal had taken place. If you were to encounter some threat in your environment, like a venomous snake in your backyard, your sympathetic nervous system would initiate significant physiological arousal, which would make your heart race and increase your respiration rate.
Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response when threatened. The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in Figure 2, have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another. Therefore, different people may have different emotional experiences even when faced with similar circumstances. These appraisals are informed by our experiences, backgrounds, and cultures. Together, these are known as the components of emotion. Our emotional states are combinations of physiological arousal, psychological appraisal, and subjective experiences. This section closes with a discussion of the ubiquitous nature of facial expressions of emotion and our abilities to recognize those expressions in others. This section will outline some of the most well-known theories explaining our emotional experience and provide insight into the biological bases of emotion. We might feel angry when we are betrayed, fear when we are threatened, and surprised when something unexpected happens. We can be at the heights of joy or in the depths of despair. (credit a: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk credit b: modification of work by Kerry Ceszyk) Toddlers can cycle through emotions quickly, being (a) extremely happy one moment and (b) extremely sad the next.
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